Ahhh... the last blog of the quarter. This is simply an opportunity for you to ask and answer each other's questions and discuss anything that you think will be helpful in preparation for the final. I would suggest looking at your class notes, handouts from class, and your reading assignments along with your review sheet. This is primarily an open forum for you so check back often during the week and comment/question/ponder/review as much as you would like. Think of it as an online study group. You can get credit up until midnight, the night before the exam.
One request: please take just a couple of minutes to complete your course evaluation if you have not done so already. I would really appreciate it. Just follow this link to go to Campus Connect.
Good luck with all of your studying!
Also you can find a digital version of the prezis here and final review sheet here: http://americanpoliticalculture.wordpress.com/course-documents/
Hi,
ReplyDeleteI am going to include a recap from the beginning of the course.
*What does it mean to be American?
- Our American political culture comes from several historical events, myths, ideas that shared our views, and the constitution
- Pluralism is the idea that varies from groups or interest that try to complete for influence
- In reality, what it means to be American is subjective and varies from person to person due to their background and personal views
- Micheal Waltzer talks about the wonders of a solid American identity with a group of ethics and there is no single national destiny
Good luck :)
I just want to add to that! I know going back to the beginning of the course can be kind of daunting.
DeleteOverarching question: What does it mean to be an American?
To me, being an American is all about freedom. Freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom to do what you want and when you want. The government cannot tell you what to do, and you cannot tell another American what they can or cannot do.
Politics: measure of power; the distribution of scarce resources; who gets what, when, why, and how (Laswell)
How decisions are made about how to allocate our values; how to allocate our values contributes to how we balance our power
Culture: a way of life or a way of living
Political Culture: a way of life or a way of living made up of values, beliefs, and attitudes about power
These attitudes are not fixed; they are constantly debated
There are attitudes and ideals that are dominant
Core founding documents
Declaration of Independence: basic human rights
Constitution: set up current system of government
Structure of our system, defines what it means to be an American
Federalist Papers: lobbied for the constitution
Bill of Rights
American Political Culture: Where does it come from?
What are some historical moments, myths, or ideals that have shaped our national identity?
9/11
Women’s suffrage
Famous presidents, Founding individuals
World War 2, Pearl Harbor
Great Depression
Civil Rights Movements
Civil War
American Revolution, Boston Tea Party
Moon Landing
Manifest Destiny
American Dream- What is it?
Pluralism (Robert A Dahl): The idea that various interest groups try to compete for influence and the outcome is generally some form of compromise
Law-making
How values are interpreted or set
Is it possible to have a shared political identity in such a diverse nation?
What is the amerian identity?
Michael Waltzer’s What Does it Mean to Be an American
We have been much more tolerant of ethnic diversity than racial diversity.
How do you define American?
American politics, itself pluralist in character, needs a certain sort of incoherence. A radical program of Americanization would really be un-American. It isn’t inconceivable that America will one day become a nation-state, the many giving way to the one, but that is not what it is now, nor is that its destiny. American has no single national destiny- and to be American is, finally, to know that and to be more or less content with it. - Michael Walter
AP-NORC Center for Public Affairs research Poll 2/17
There are definitely mixed results about how Americans feel about an american identity
47% say illegal immigration to the American way of life
71% say that we are losing our national identity
57% say that the USA should be a country with an essential culture that immigrants adopt when they arrive, and 42% believe the culture of the USA should change when immigrants arrive
How important is each of the following in the Amerian national identity?
Fair judicial system and rules of law
Individuals liberties and freedoms
American dream
Here I covered the topic: Social and Historical Construction of American Identity and Values
ReplyDeleteCategories of Identities in America:
Race
Ethnicity
Class
Gender
Sexual Orientation
Nationality
Geographic Identity (urban, rural, suburban, region of the nation)
Political Ideology (conservative, moderate, liberal)
Partisanship (party ID)
Define:
Essentialism: belief that groups are distinguished by genetic, biological, or physiological mechanism and thus subject not to change
There are truths when it comes to identity (ex. Would argue one is female or Asian)
Essentialists can function in a world where labels change
Historically been the dominant cultural position for most of American history
Social Construction (Constructionism): what we see as “real” is the result of human activity or interaction (Peter Berger & Thomas Luckmann, 1966)
Constructing categories of difference and inequality
“Part 1: Constructing Differences” by Tracy E. Ore
First Stage: Externalization
“We create cultural products through social interactions” (pg. 6)
Racial Formation: the process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories, and by they shape racial meanings (pg. 6)
Second Stage: Objectivation
Occurs when the products created in the first stage appear to take on a reality of their own, becoming independent of those who created them (pg. 6)
Third Stage: Internalization
“We learn the supposedly ‘objective facts’ about the cultural products that have been created” (pg. 7)
Socialization: the process of social interaction in which one learns the ways of society and one’s specific roles-the sets of rules and expectations attached to a social position (or status) in that society (pg. 7) ~ mass media plays a role
CONTINUED:
DeleteThree Contexts:
Socializing Agents/Institutions
Is the set of rules and relationships that govern the social activities in which we participate to meet our basic needs
Socializing agents: teaches us how to view the world; could be family, educational places, economy, state or legal power or laws that establish societal norms, the media
Interpersonal/Social Context
Are daily interactions with others… we rely on common guidelines for behavior (norms) to define situations and create these categories
We don’t have information on ourselves
Culturally define categories; different
We are born into societies or communities
Rank categories of people in a hierarchy ---> social stratification (describes social standing)
Internal Context
Internalizing the values and beliefs established in institutional and interpersonal contexts
- What is our role?
- Awareness of our place and time in our culture
- Enculturation: the immersion into our own culture to the point where we assume that our way of life is natural/normal
- Ethnocentrism: judging other’s cultures using the standards of one’s own culture being the norm
- Cultural Relativism: judging cultures based on the norms of THAT society; hard to do, requires research
3. Constructing race, ethnicity, class, gender, and sexual orientation
Race: a group of people who perceive and are perceived by others as possessing distinctive hereditary traits
Ethnicity: a group of people who perceive and are perceived by others as sharing cultural traits (ex. food)
Gender: institutionally structured
Sexuality: Essentialism (Conservatice? stance) vs. Constructionism
4. Historical Construction:
How has class and poverty been constructed historically?
Class: a system of ordering where people are divided based on perceived social and economic status; what it means to be poor, middle, wealthy, and living in poverty?
Poverty thresholds created in 1963-1964; study used to offer different services to different people, the bare minimum requirement is food which is based on four different food plans, what you can buy to get by
2018 Federal Poverty Guidelines; changed the qualifications (ex. 1 person - Annual Income: $12,140, 4 people - Annual Income: $25,100)
- Historical construction of race (U.S. Census etc.)
- Insisitutional Discrimination: insititional or systemic policies and practices which place certain groups at a disadvantage, or maintain their disadvantaged status
- Ex. (Race): restrictive covenants, racial profiling by police, under representation/misrepresentation in media, and race-based barriers to economic/educational advancement
CONTINUED:
DeleteAfter the Civil War:
- The Civil War Amendments:
13th (1865) - outlawed slavery
14th (1868) - due process (fair treatment) and equal protection clauses
15th (1870) - states couldn’t deny the right to vote based on race/color
- Reconstruction:
- Black Codes: limited the civil rights of slaves; unconstitutional
- Compromise of 1877: settled the dispute of Northern Republicans and Southern Democrats
- Jim Crow: system of laws and customs that enforced racial discrimination and segregation; did not speacifaclly mention race but goal was to maintain and reinforce the old system before civil war
- Plessy V. Ferguson (1896): legal case of racial segregation; upheld under the “seperate but equal” doctrine
- Brown V. Board (1954): legal case where the court ruled that segregation in public schools were unconstitutional
- Civil Rights Act of 1964: outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national orgin
- Voting Rights Act of 1965: outlawed discriminatory voting practices in Southern states (ex. Literacy test)
- Role of slavery:
- “The Evolution of Identity” by Karen E. Rosenblum and Toni-Michelle C. Travis (2001)
- U.S. Census in 1790, classified free residents as White or “Other”, while slaves were counted separately
- In 1860, residents were classified as White, Black, or Mulatto
- In 1970, Hispanic became a category
- In 2000, White, Black, African American or Negro, Chinese, Amer. Indian or Alaska Native, Japanese, Filipino, Asain Indian, Korean, Native Hawaiian, Vietnamese, Guamanian or Chamorro, Samoan, Other Asian, Other Pacific Islander, Some Other Race, Mexican or Mexican American, Chicano, Puerto Rico, Cuban, Other Spanish/Hispanic/Latino, Not Spanish/Hispanic/Latino
- “Introduction: The Fabrication of Race” by Matthew Frye Jacobson
- Different types of “White”
- “Whiteness as an ‘Unmarked’ Cultural Category” by Ruth Frankenberg
- “For a significant number of young White women, being White delt like being cultureless” (pg. 82)
- “Whether Whiteness is viewed as artificial and dominating (and therefore “bad”) or civilized (and therefore “good”), Whiteness and all varieties of non Whiteness continue to be viewed as ontologically different from one another” (pg. 86)
- “Personal Voices: Facing Up to Race” by Carrie Ching
- A&F faced lawsuits for racial discrimination; Whites on the sales floor, others in the back
- “Race still plays a major if unspoken role in the way our society is organized” (pg. 246)
- “Being American is still very much about being White” (pg. 247)
When discussing what it means to be American we covered “Citizens and Citizenship”: These are some notes and questions about the topic of the role of citizenship in America. Good Luck!
ReplyDeleteQuestions
1. In a representative democracy, what role do citizens play?
2. What do citizens need?
Trust in government
Higher-level to trust in closer government
Political knowledge
1. Knowledge of government: you understand your political rights and rules of power
2. Knowledge of politics: understanding what politics can accomplish, what positions are important to each of us, and what steps we could take to make the actions a reality
3. Knowledge in democratic principles: help us bind together as a nation
Political efficacy
If citizens are active in our process then they can make a difference politically. Without a sense of political efficacy, there is little chance people will be active in politics.
Citizenship may include:
1) civil liberty protections
Individual protection we have against our government
Bill of Rights
Substantive liberties: limits what the government can do
Procedural liberties: how the government can limit our rights
2) voting/ suffrage rights
Defined what it means to be American based on voting rights
Here are some of the important take-aways from each educational founders:
ReplyDeleteNoah Webster
Form the child → form the nation
Opportunity to unify the country
Communal goal
Thomas Jefferson
Students can prepare themselves against their liberties
Individualized goal
Horace Mann (father of common schools)
Lever to uplift society
Added emphasis on vocation: enter work force to expand economic opportunities
John Dewey (formative)
Criticized vocational training (outdated jobs)
Democracy is more than a form of government (a mode of associated living) a communicated experience
Horance Kelley
We benefit from our diverse backgrounds
-This is Olivia Piotrowski
DeleteConstructing race, ethnicity, class, gender, and sexual orientation
ReplyDeletei. Race vs. ethnicity
race: distinctive hereditary traits
ethnicity: cultural traits: language, religion, family customs, food preferences
sexuality: attraction on physical, emotional, and social level, fantasies, sexual behaviors, and self identity
Fake News
fake news: different than false/misinformation
misinformation: false, unintentional online
disinformation: purposely created, false info, usually through organization
Types of media (print, broadcast - radio and TV, and internet)
i. How have these changed? What does each do well?
ii. How do these shape American political culture?
iii. Course Website: "On the Connection Between Associations and Newspapers," from Democracy in America (1834), by Alexis de Tocqueville.
radio: podcasts
tv: the dominant source! cable
internet: mobile vs desktop
print still drives agenda for broadcast news, have the most in depth reporting, prime source of most educated/most influential in political spheres
people get more from professional outlets but trust friends/family just as much
slowly hyperpartisan: objective lens
tv causes image based politics
drop the same thought into a thousand minds at the same moment. circulation of the daily press is freedom. a newspaper represents an association that is composed of its habitual readers
To add to the definitions of the general media here
Delete1. Print
early newspapers were used to create partisanship support
1850: 5% of newspapers were neutral
1940: 50% of newspapers were neutral
-Readership is lower, BUT Drives other forms of news media, most in depth reporting, prime source for educated/influential/national news
2. Radio
1st instance of instant news/personal relationship created with news (hearing vs. reading)
-Still alive, but changing
3. TV
-Cable news steadily remains most popular
-Still dominates overall consumption of new, BUT gap between internet & TV is lower
4. Internet
-Curve of people using internet is radically moving upward
-Specifically → Social Media
-2017: ⅔ of Americans got some news from social media
-Largest increase of use is in older, non-white, less educated
hi,
ReplyDeleteI will be adding some Identifications and and the list of American description.
Democracy: System of government that permits citizens to play a significant part in the process of government
Liberty: The freedom to do as one pleases. In modern politics, liberty is the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views.
Equality: the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.
E Pluribus Unum: is a traditional motto of the United States. It means "out of many, one" in Latin.
Republic: A country where some decisions (often local) are made by direct democratic processes, while others (often federal) are made by democratically elected representatives.
U.S. Constitution: A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed. It was drafted by the Constitutional Convention and later supplemented by the Bill of Rights and other amendments.
Pluralism: various groups or interests try to compete for influence; outcome is generally some form of compromise
Declaration of Independence: document that was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, and that announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain.
Federalist Papers: is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius" to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution
Bill of Rights: the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship.
Michael Waltzer: Argues for pluralism and that we are more tolerant to ethnic diversity than racial diversity
To be American is to accept lack of concrete national identity
Jose Antonio Vargas: political activist who speaks for the rights of undocumented immigrants and DOCA recipients.
Political Efficacy: the citizens' faith and trust in government and their belief that they can understand and influence political affairs,
Essentialism: belief that groups are distinguished by genetic, biological, or physiological mechanism and thus subject not to change
Social Construction (Constructionism): what we see as “real” is the result of human activity or interaction (Peter Berger & Thomas Luckmann, 1966)
Historical construction: historical movements and laws used to construct the world around us
Race: group of people who perceive and are perceived by others as possessing distinctive hereditary traits
Ethnicity: group of people who perceive and are perceived by others as sharing cultural traits: less fixed
Poverty threshold: dollar amounts set by the U.S. government to indicate the least amount of income a person or family needs to meet their basic needs. People whose income falls below the specified amount are considered poor.
Cultural relativism: judging a culture by its own cultural rules
Ethnocentrism: judging other cultures using the standard of ones own
things that shape this country political culture:
Comes from myths and stories, historical movements
Some examples: 9/11
Women’s suffrage
Famous presidents, Founding individuals
World War 2, Pearl Harbor
Great Depression
Civil Rights Movements
Civil War
American Revolution, Boston Tea Party
Moon Landing
Manifest Destiny
American Dream- what is it and does it exist? Explored later
and the most Important is Immigration. It played a big role in this countries history.
also
DeleteRace: group of people who perceive and are perceived by others as possessing distinctive hereditary traits
Ethnicity: group of people who perceive and are perceived by others as sharing cultural traits: less fixed
Here are some important concepts and policies from the Immigration unit:
ReplyDelete-In general, Americans view immigration in a positive light, while also viewing it as a potential threat
-Old Immigrants (up until 1880); White, English speaking, Western/Northern European, Protestant
New immigrants (after 1880); Less identified as white, less English speaking, Eastern/Southern European, 1920’s- shift toward Latin American and Asian countries
-Naturalization Act of 1790: “free white persons of good moral character”
-Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): Suspended all Chinese immigration to the U.S. and American citizenship for Chinese people, lasted 10 years; renewed twice then became permanent until 1942 when it was revoked completely
-1921 Emergency Quota Act: 3% of the number of a country’s population which lived in the United States could immigrate from that given country each year; 1924: changed quota to 2% and began using the census from 1890 (demographic was more white, more English Speaking, old immigrants)
-Immigration Act of 1965: Eliminates national quotas and moves toward hemispherical quotas (East vs. West); family of someone living in the U.S would not be subject to these quotas; brings a surge in immigration
-Refugee Act of 1980: Encouraged immigration from Asian countries affected by the Vietnam War
-IRCA 1986: Latin America; targeted long-term undocumented immigrants , offered amnesty to undocumented immigrants who fit certain criteria
-1990 Immigration Act: reform on the 1965 act
-Ambivalence about immigration has always been prevalent; no major policy change has occurred in over 25 years
-There have, however, been several proposals:
2013- senate proposal for comprehensive immigration reform (addressed undocumented immigrants, proposed potential paths to citizenship: dreamer path, agricultural worker path and standard path, never brought up in the House, effectively dies out)
2014-moves toward Executive Action; Obama’s Executive Action (2014); temporary 5 year protection period, without threat of deportation, certain groups may stay in the country despite being undocumented (DAPA and DACA)
-Deportations grew dramatically beginning in 2003/2004 and have been growing since
Hello all,
ReplyDeleteOn the topic of the media, I think it is important to understand the adversarial relationship between journalists and politicians. The Oversight- “watchdog” function describes the power journalist have to hold institutions/powerful people accountable highlight wrongdoing. Some identifications include, Agenda Setting which is bringing attention to certain issues/problems and can help win political battles. (Speed)
Priming is preparing the public to take a particular view on certain issues, people or events. Priming takes place before most people know/ have strong feelings. Almost always invisible to public. Example used in class is from the daily show
Framing is the power to influence how issues, events, and people are interpreted. How we should talk about it.
One important reading was Marcus Prior, audience fragmentation explaining how we went from 3 major TV networks to hundreds of cable networks so, it's difficult to attract large audiences to single program with so much choice. People like watching tv in a low-choice environment. Instead of politics by default we moved to a high choice environment. Although, social media is giving us a bit more politics by default.
Good luck on finals !
Hello!
ReplyDeleteI have added the definitions to the terms for the Electoral Politics section in case some of you could not find any!
majority-minority districts: In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which a majority of the population is from the minority.
Descriptive vs. Substantive Representation: Descriptive- the view of representation that calls for the racial and ethnic makeup of congress to reflect that of the nation. Substantive- the concept of representation that states that officeholders do not have to be minorities to accurately represent minority interests
symbolic representation:- efforts of members of Congress to stand for American ideals or identify with common constituency values- a mental representation that stands for some content without sharing any characteristics with the thing it represents
More Perfect Union Speech: Obama addressed the subjects of racial tensions, white privilege, and racial inequality in the United States, discussing black "anger", white "resentment", and other issues as he sought to explain and contextualize Wright's controversial comments. His speech closed with a plea to move beyond America's "racial stalemate" and address shared social problems.
Ten Percent Plan: Lincoln's plan that allowed a southern state to form a new government after 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States
Affirmative Action: A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities- different from other anti-discrimination policies
Bakke vs. Regents of the University of California: Supreme Court upheld university's use of race in admissions decisions (favored minority applicants). Court found that Bakke, a white, should have been admitted to the university's medical school. Said that preference in admissions could not be given to members of any group based on ethnic or racial identity alone. But racial factors could come into play for overall admissions. This holding banned the use of racial quotas. 1978
Gratz v. Bollinger (2003): Affirmative action in college admissions is OK but must be limited -Struck down use of "bonus points" for race in undergrad admissions at University of Michigan.
Grutter v. Bollinger: case in which Supreme Court held that University of Michigan's law school admission program was sufficiently "narrowly tailored" to consider race as a factor in admission decisions in order to achieve goal of a diverse student body
Good luck!
Some notes on the power of Media
ReplyDeleteagenda setting- bringing attention to certain issues or problems
Priming-the process in which news media prepares public to take in a particular news.
framing-power to influence how issues are interpreted.
oversight/watchdog- a check on power to uncover the facts
sources of media socialization
Print- early newspaper known as precedent press
-still drive news on tv agenda
have more in-depth reporting
still prime source for most educated people
radio- first opportunity to hear instant news
television- dominant source of news
internet- In 2017, 2/3 of U.S. adult s got their news from social media. social media news use increases among older, non-white and less educated Americans.
-Facebook dominant Americans got 45% of their news from Facebook.
to add to powers of the media here some examples are:
Deletepriming: not talking about the success of certain candidates in primaries so they are not seen as contenders by the public, ex: Ron Paul
framing: Affordable Care Act VS. Obamacare
Some notes on citizenship !
ReplyDeleteCitizens and Citizenship
In a representative democracy, what role do citizens play?
Citizens can vote for their representatives
What do citizens need?
Citizens need to trust in the government
Trust has declined greatly from 75% in the 1960s to 25% in 1994
People trust the government closer to them than that further away
Local- state- federal
Citizens need political knowledge
Knowledge of government: you understand your political rights and the rules of power
Knowledge of politics: understanding what politics can accomplish, what positions and issues are important to each of us, and how we might be able to make those more of a reality if we want to play more of a role
Knowledge of democratic principles: knowledge of overarching principles that help to bind the nation
If you understand the rules of the game, you have a better understanding of how to play the game
Political efficacy: the idea that your vote/voice matters
Without political efficacy, there is a much smaller chance that people are going to be actively engaged in politics
In the 1960s, 25% of people said the government does not care what we think. Now, well over 50% believe the government cares what we think.
We are living in a hyper-polarized time
Citizenship may include
Civil liberty protections: individual protections that we have against our government
Bill of Rights
Substantive liberties limit what the government can do
5th amendment
Due Process:if I am charged with a crime, then i have rights to help protect me from powerful government entities
Eminent Domain: the government can and will seize property but must be compensated “fair market value”
Voting/suffrage rights
Historically, how we have defined what it means to be an American in the political sense
15th Amendment offically opened up voting rights to non-white men
What role does citizenship actually play in the forming or shaping of a national identity?
Is birthright citizenship really that important in defining what it means to be an american?
American Political Values
Liberty: the declaration of independence says the government has no right to take away life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
Protected by the Bill of Rights
Libertarianism: Minimizing the intervention of the government to maximize personal liberty (personal freedom)
Equality: Declaration of Independence; all men are created equal
Equal opportunity: each person has the same opportunity to succeed through hard work and determination
Does not apply to equality of outcome
Does not apply to economic equality
Democracy: a government of the people, by the people, and for the people (Abe Lincoln, Gettysburg Address)
A system of government that permits citizens to play a significant part in the process of government
What else might be considered an american political value?
Value
Patriotism
Service
Individualism
Unity
Diversity
American Political System
Representative Democracy (republic)
We do not have a direct democracy. We do not vote on everything all the time. We vote for representatives who then make policy decisions that may or may not represent what we the citizens want.
Individuals have the right to vote, groups do not.
Groups do have an impact- fundraising, having a voice, etc.
Pluralism: many groups pulling in different directions that result in some sort of compromise between those groups
Unions
Interest groups
Constitutional Government: says what the government can do and how the government can do it
American Political Identity
E Pluribus Unum- Of Many, One
A history is to a people what a biography is to an individual. What amnesia is to an individual, loss of civic and history memory is to a nation.
Class Activity: American Civil Liberty Tests
The Social and Historical Construction of Identities in America
ReplyDeleteCategories of Identities in America
Race, ethnicity, class, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, geographic identity, political ideology, partisanship
In our own words…
Race: the color of your skin
Ethnicity: an identification based on a common background of race, language, religion, cultural orientation, etc
Essentialism: the belief that groups are distinguished by genetic, biological, or physiological mechanisms and thus not subject to change
The dominant cultural position throughout american history when it comes to thinking about areas of identity
Social Construction
What we see as real is the result of human activity or interaction
Occurs in three constructs
Institutional
Interpersonal
Internal
Institutional- Stages to constructing different and inequality
Socializing agents: impact how we view the world
Family
Education
Economy
State and the legal structure
media - supply us with info, reinforce policies, set up appropriate ways of behaving
Institutional contexts in which rules are set and we realize what is inappropriate
Interpersonal
Time and place where we live matter
Relationships establish what is or is not acceptable
Internal
Internalizing the way things are
We learn that there are culturally defined categories of differences
We are born into communities that teach us that there are differences that are culturally defined
Social stratification- the hierarchical ranking
Doesn't matter if differences actually exist, matters how institutions define different groups
What is our role?
Awareness of our place and time in our culture
Enculturation: immersion in our own culture to the point where we assume that our way of life is natural or normal
Ethnocentrism: judging other cultures using the standards or one’s own
Cultural relativism: is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another
Race and ethnicity
Race: a group of people who perceive and are perceived by others as possessing distinctive hereditary traits
More fixed
Ethnicity: a group of people who perceive are are perceived by others as sharing cultural traits
Less fixed
Hi everyone! I wanted to add a brief recap of my news presentation because I think it is relevant to the education section of the exam. Charter schools are publicly funded but independently managed. They operate outside of state jurisdiction, which can create controversy when it comes to taking responsibility for low-performing schools.
ReplyDelete